At present, the known materials of 3D printable bone scaffolds were synthetic polymers. 3D printing materials commonly used at present often have disadvantages such as insufficient mechanical strength, excessive impurities and degradation products that are not conducive to cell growth and differentiation ( Kamali et al., 2014 Li et al., 2018). The preparation of tissue engineering scaffolds by three dimensional (3D) printing technology has brought hope for the repair of bone defects. Therefore, ideal biomaterials for bone-repair not only need to provide potential load-bearing support for the bone defect site, but also require a slow degradation rate to allow for new bone formation. (2016) incorporated PRGD and β-TCP nanoparticles into PDLLA to form composite scaffolds to improve the degradation properties, cell viability, and host tissue response of the scaffolds. The biodegradation rate of PDLLA is slow and the cytocompatibility of PDLLA is poor ( Toda et al., 2021). However, the commonly used porous structure materials have weak mechanical strength, uncontrollable biodegradation rate, difficulty in revascularization, and other unfavorable factors in clinical applications ( Qiu et al., 2014 Shi et al., 2015). It is a promising scaffold material for bone tissue engineering ( Nitzsche et al., 2010 Zhou et al., 2014 Zhang et al., 2015 Kawai et al., 2017). Composite scaffolds have good biocompatibility and bone tissue repair ability, and can really realize bone tissue reconstruction in vivo. The single materials promotion of osteogenic function can not meet the needs of clinical use. Since the development of bone repair materials, the functional requirements are higher and higher. Therefore, the suitable materials for bone repair to treat large bone defects were still an area to be developed and researched. The length of the bone defect exceeds 1.5 times the shaft diameter, which will lead to accelerated bone resorption and bone non-union. Large bone defects generated by numerous factors, such as accidental trauma and disease, often negatively impact the normal structures and functions of the body ( Liu and Lv, 2018 Chattopadhyay, 2019). Histological analysis and WB confirmed that this scaffold up-regulated the expression of Runx7, OCN, COL-1 and SP7, contributing to the noted uniform trabeculae formation and new bone regeneration.Ĭonclusions: The application of this strategy in the manufacture of composite scaffolds provided extensive guidance for the application of bone tissue engineering. After surface modification with GFOGER peptide and BMP-9, the scaffold demonstrated enhanced new bone mineral deposition and density over the course of a 12 week in vivo study. Results: This scaffold presented acceptable mechanical properties and slower degradation rates. The rabbits were sacrificed at the 4th and 12th weeks after surgery, and the samples were collected for quantitative analysis of new bone mineral density by micro-CT, histopathological observation, immunohistochemistry and Western blot to detect the protein expression of osteoblast-related genes. The rabbits were divided into six groups randomly and bone defect models were constructed (6 mm in diameter and 9 mm in depth): control group ( n = 2), sham group ( n = 4), model group ( n = 4) and model + scaffold group ( n = 4 rabbits for each group, 0%,2% and 4%). Methods: 3D printing method was used to produce PLGA scaffolds, and the sample was viewed by both optical microscopy and SEM, XRD analysis, water absorption and compressive strength analysis, etc. 3Department of Hand Surgery, The third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Chinaīackground: This study was aimed to investigate the effect of three dimensional (3D)printed poly lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) scaffolds combined with Gly-Phe-Hyp-Gly-Arg (GFOGER) and bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP-9) on the repair of large bone defects.2Department of Hematological Oncology, Heji Hospital affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China.1Department of Hand Surgery, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.Xiaoliang Song 1, Xianxian Li 2, Fengyu Wang 3, Li Wang 3, Li Lv 3, Qing Xie 3, Xu Zhang 3 and Xinzhong Shao 3*
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